ABSTRACT
Surrogate decision making is common in medical settings, particularly regarding treatment decisions for patients at end-of-life. When making decisions on behalf of patients, surrogates are most often encouraged to use the substituted judgment standard and make the decision that the patient would make if he or she were able to express a choice. A significant body of research, using patient-surrogate pairs and hypothetical vignettes, has documented that surrogates tend to inaccurately predict patient preferences when making these decisions (Shalowitz et al., 2006). This results in treatment decisions that do not match what the patient would have selected. Various factors that may influence surrogates' predictive accuracy have been proposed, but no empirical examination of the relation between such factors and accuracy has yet been conducted. This exploratory study investigated whether certain intrapersonal and interpersonal variables predicted surrogates' accuracy, using patient-surrogate dyads and an online survey methodology employing hypothetical treatment decision vignettes.One-hundred-and-fifty-four adults over age 45 were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk and the West Virginia University faculty and alumni listserv to complete an online survey as the "patient" and indicate the treatment option they would prefer in a variety of treatment decision scenarios. Patients then shared a link to a similar online survey with an adult from their life who would likely serve as their surrogate decision maker and make decisions on their behalf in the event of incapacitation. Therefore, 154 patient-surrogate pairs, or 308 total participants, were recruited. Surrogates completed the decision scenarios using the substituted judgment standard, indicating the treatment preference that they thought the patient would prefer. All participants completed self-report measures of the selected interpersonal and intrapersonal variables. Patients and surrogates were compensated with an Amazon gift card for their participation.Consistent with prior research, the current study found that surrogates are generally poor predictors of patient preferences when selecting interventions on decision vignettes. In terms of intrapersonal variables, surrogates' accuracy when predicting preferences was positively correlated with levels of empathy and religiosity. Surrogates' levels of trust in the medical profession were also positively correlated with accuracy.When considering their partners' values, surrogates who reported greater perceived similarity to their patients regarding end-of-life values and who perceived their partners as more reluctant to burden others tended to be more accurate. Pairs who reported high discrepancies in perceived similarity on end-of-life values (e.g., the patient reported low similarity while their surrogate reported high similarity, and vice versa) were those in which surrogates were better predictors of treatment preferences. When these significant correlates were included in a multiple linear regression analysis predicting accuracy, the predictive model was significant (F(6) = 3.03, R2 = .12, p = .008);however, none of the variables appeared as unique predictors.Examination of accuracy for individual decision vignettes provided further evidence that surrogate medical decision making varies based on the type of treatment decision that is being made, as the variables predicted accuracy for certain decisions when examined individually. An exploratory analysis investigated the predictive role of the variables with respect to surrogates' selection of interventions for patients on the decision vignettes. The variables significantly predicted surrogates' selection of intensive interventions, F (16) = 2.28, R2= .24, p = .006. Of the predictor variables, the only unique predictor was COVID-19-related anxiety, such that surrogates with greater... (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Surrogate medical decision making is common in the United States healthcare system. Variables that may influence surrogate decision making have been proposed. Little work has examined relations between these variables and outcomes of surrogate decision making. This study investigated whether surrogates' characteristics, including their knowledge of treatment options, and interpersonal factors predicted surrogates' accuracy and intervention selections. Specifically, predictor variables included: trust in the medical profession, trait-level anxiety, depression, anxiety about COVID-19, religiosity, perceived emotional support, understanding of treatment options, empathy, willingness to accept responsibility for medical decisions, reluctance to burden others, and perceived similarity between oneself and the patient. METHODS: 154 pairs of patients and their surrogates completed an online survey. Patients indicated preferred treatments in hypothetical decision scenarios. Surrogates indicated the treatment that they thought the patient would prefer. RESULTS: When taken all together in a predictive model, the variables significantly predicted surrogates' accuracy, F (6) = 3.03, R2 = .12, p = .008. Variables also predicted selection of intensive interventions, F (4) = 5.95, R2 = .14, p = .00. Surrogates reporting greater anxiety about COVID-19 selected more intensive interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with prior research, this study found that surrogates' characteristics influence the interventions they choose, with anxiety about COVID-19 having considerable bearing on their chosen interventions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: These findings can inform development of decision-making interventions to improve surrogates' accuracy. Providers may attend to variables highlighted by this study to support surrogates, particularly within the stressful context of COVID-19 and possible future pandemics.